Familiar Bible phrases in contemporary culture:

All things to all people (1 Corinthians)

Cast the first stone (John)

Doubting Thomas (John)

Eat, drink, be merry (Luke)

Forbidden fruit (Genesis)

Man after his own heart (1 Samuel and Acts)

Salt of the earth (Matthew)

Woe is me (Job)

Writing on the wall (Daniel)

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Source: "Biblical Literacy: the Essential Bible Stories Everyone Needs to Know"