With some American Indian groups waiting decades for formal recognition from the U.S. government, federal officials Wednesday pledged to overhaul the cumbersome process but cautioned the changes could take two years to go into effect.

Federal recognition renders tribes eligible for economic assistance, land, housing grants and other government benefits.

Decisions on whether tribes qualify are supposed to be made by the Department of Interior within 25 months. Yet some Indians have seen their petitions languish within the agency's Bureau of Indian Affairs for 30 years or more without an answer.

"We have survived Indian removal, genocide, the Civil War, the burning of our courthouse, Jim Crow laws and their KKK enforcers," said Ann Tucker, chair of the Muscogee Nation of Florida. "We have waited long enough for a broken process to determine our fate."

Members of the Muscogee began their drive for recognition in 1978 and are now among 15 Indian groups waiting for a final determination. Those include five in California, three in Louisiana and others in Michigan, New York, Georgia, North Carolina, Wisconsin and New Mexico.

Another 80 Indian groups remain mired in the early stages of a federal process that can cost millions of dollars to navigate _ far more than some can afford.

During a U.S. Senate oversight hearing Wednesday, the man who oversees the recognition process agreed new rules need to be put in place to fix a process several senators called "broken."

"There is no certainty in that process. That needs to happen," said George Skibine, the Interior Department's acting deputy assistant secretary for Indian affairs.

Skibine said his agency would begin drafting new regulations setting a definitive timeline for petitions to be considered. He said those new rules could take a year to develop and then another year to be adopted.

Wednesday's hearing also highlighted the experiences of Montana's Little Shell Tribe of Chippewa, which filed its recognition petition in 1978. That was the year the current process was established by Congress.

It took 31 years for the tribe to get a negative decision after being told a decade ago that approval was likely.

The tribe was told in October it failed meet three of government's seven criteria. Montana's Congressional delegation has vowed to overturn that decision.

Sen. Jon Tester, a Montana Democrat, said the government accepts that 90 percent of the Little Shell are Chippewa Indian descendants. To then turn around and deny them tribal status "puts them out there in limbo," he said.

A bill sponsored by U.S. Rep. Eni Faleomavaega, a Democrat from American Samoa, would streamline the process. The measure would pare down the number of criteria to just two and transfer authority over recognition from the Interior Department to a commission appointed by the president. Continued...