Last night we lit the first candle on the Chanukah menorah, for it was the
first night of this minor eight-day Jewish holiday that's become a major one
over the years. There are blessings to be recited, songs to be sung, latkes
to be eaten but just what does Chanukah celebrate?
Answer: A successful Jewish revolt against a Syrian empire ruled by the
Seleucid dynasty of Greek kings some 2,200 years ago.
Well, not exactly. The revolt was not so much against the Syrian emperor,
Antiochus Epiphanes, as against his attempt to impose Hellenistic culture on
ancient Judaea.
Well, not exactly. It's not noised about, but this now celebrated revolt
against the Syrians was really something of a civil war between those Jews
who proposed to adopt more of the fashionable Greek culture and those who
rebelled against it. The rebels viewed its games and gods as a desecration,
and fought for the old ways, the ancient practices and beliefs.
It may not be noised about in some politically correct circles, but this
festival commemorates a military victory - of tradition over assimilation,
of fundamentalism over modernism.
Well, not exactly. The military aspects of the struggle are scarcely
mentioned in today's celebration of Chanukah. The focus has shifted over the
centuries. The very name Chanukah, or Dedication, now refers to the
cleansing of the Temple in Jerusalem after it was defiled by pagan rites.
After all, the holiday isn't named for any particular battle or campaign or
hero. It isn't the Feast of the Maccabees, who led the revolt. Therefore the
real theme of Chanukah is the rededication of the Temple.
Well, not exactly. The essential ritual of the holiday has become the
blessing over the Chanukah lights. A Talmudic story tells how the liberators
of the Temple found only enough consecrated oil to burn for one day, but it
lasted for eight - enough time to prepare a new supply. We're really
celebrating the miracle of the lights.
In the glow of the candles, the heroic feats of the Maccabees have become
transmuted into acts of divine intervention. The blessing over the candles
recited each night of the holiday goes: "Blessed art Thou, O Lord our God,
King of the universe, who wrought miracles for our fathers in days of old."
Miracles, not victories.
At Passover, the story of the Exodus from Egypt is told with the same moral
attached: It is He who delivered us, not we who freed ourselves. Freedom is
a gift from God, not men.
Chanukah isn't even mentioned in the Old Testament. The swashbuckling
stories of battles and victories have been relegated to the Apocrypha. A
mere military victory rates only a secondary place in the canon. The victory
is to be celebrated not for its own sake but for what it reveals.
One more violent confrontation has been lifted out of history and enters the
realm of the sacred. A messy little guerrilla war in the dim past of a
forgotten empire has become something else, something that partakes of the
eternal.
The central metaphor of all religious belief - revealing light - reduces all
the imperial intrigue and internecine warfare of those tumultuous times to
mere details. And that may be the greatest miracle of Chanukah: the
transformation of the oldest and darkest of human activities, war, into a
feast of illumination.
There is more than a single theme to this minor but not simple holiday. One
can almost trace the ebbs and flows of Jewish history, its yearnings and
fulfillments, its wisdom and folly, its holiness and vainglory, by noting
which themes of Chanukah have been emphasized when in Jewish history.
History may say a good deal more about the time in which it is written than
the time it describes. The message of Chanukah changes from age to age
because the past we choose to remember is the truest reflection of any
present. When Chanukah is celebrated with pride, a fall is sure to come.
When it inspires humility, hope is kindled.
If there is one, unchanging message associated with this minor holiday
magnified by time, it can be found in the unchanging portion of the Prophets
designated to be read for the sabbath of Chanukah. It is Zechariah 4:1-7,
with its penultimate verse:
Not by might, nor by power, but by My spirit, saith the Lord
of Hosts.
Exactly.