Inflation is the bane of financial assets. Bonds lose value when future interest and principal payments are made in cheaper dollars. And stocks lose value when the rising interest rates necessary to compensate for inflation reduce the present value of future earnings.
And since the capital-gains tax is not indexed for inflation, significantly higher inflation elevates the effective tax rate on real capital gains in the stock market. Think of it as an inflation tax on top of statutory cap-gains taxes. What’s more, higher inflation increases capital costs for businesses and reduces consumer purchasing power for individuals. It doesn’t matter if you’re the head of a family or a business CEO -- those greenbacks in your bank account are worth a lot less when inflation rises.
And here’s another problem. Contrary to the Keynesian/Phillips-curve dogma, economic slowdowns do not necessarily produce lower inflation. If the economy’s output of goods and services continues to slow, the existing money stock will become more inflationary in relation to the scarcity of goods. This would weaken the dollar and raise inflation.
Today the housing slump and a slowdown in business investment are both drags on the economy. Yet inflation remains a threat. We’ve seen this before: During the 1990-91 recession, inflation actually increased by 4.5 percent. Going back a couple decades, when the economy was in recession between 1980 and 1982, the inflation rate was nearly 8 percent. Milton Friedman labeled this inflationary recession. However, during the 1992-99 economic boom, inflation was only 2 percent annually. When the Reagan boom took over, inflation eased to about 3 percent.
In other words, bad money is what causes inflation, not strong economic growth. But it is a strong dollar that will curb inflation.
Loose talk from a protectionist-leaning Congress is arguing for a lower dollar to curb the trade deficit. This would be exactly the wrong policy. The Fed should ignore this banter and instead keep its eye on all four dead bodies in the inflationary morgue. |